Review on superbug
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of infection in both hospitals and the community, and it is becoming increasingly virulent and resistant to antibiotics. The recent sequencing of seven strains of S. aureus provides unprecedented information about its genome diversity. Subtle differences in core (stable) regions of the genome have been exploited by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) to understand S. aureus population structure. Dramatic differences in the carriage and spread of accessory genes, including those involved in virulence and resistance, contribute to the emergence of new strains with healthcare implications. Understanding the differences between S. aureus genomes and the controls that govern these changes is helping to improve our knowledge of S. aureus pathogenicity and to predict the evolution of super-superbugs.
Keywords:
Staphylococcus aureus, superbugs.
References
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16. Girou, E; Legrand, P; Soing-Altrach, S.;"Association between hand hygiene compliance and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prevalence in a French rehabilitation hospital"; (October 2006); Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 27 (10): 1128–30.
17. Swoboda, SM; Earsing, K; Strauss, K; Lane, S; Lipsett, PA.; "Electronic monitoring and voice prompts improve hand hygiene and decrease nosocomial infections in an intermediate care unit"; (February 2004); Crit. Care Med. 32 (2): 358–63.
18. Castanon, J.I. ; "History of the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in European poultry feeds"; (2007); Poult. Sci. 86 (11): 2466–71.
19. Bengtsson, B.; Wierup, M.;"Antimicrobial resistance in Scandinavia after ban of antimicrobial growth promoters"; (2006); Anim. Biotechnol. 17 (2): 147–56.
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2. Donadio, Stefano; Maffioli, Sonia; Monciardini, Paolo; Sosio, Margherita; Jabes, Daniela "Antibiotic discovery in the twenty-first century: Current trends and future perspectives".,The Journal of Antibiotics. 2010: 423–430.
3. Goossens H.; Ferech M.; Vander Stichele, R; Elseviers, M. "Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study".Lancet Group Esac Project (2005) 579–87.
4. Hawkey, PM; Jones, AM. "The changing epidemiology of resistance" The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 64 Suppl 1 (2009) 3–10.
5. Ferber, Dan ;"Livestock Feed Ban Preserves Drugs' Power" ;(4 January 2002), Science 295 (5552): 27–28.
6. Mathew, AG; Cissell, R; Liamthong, S ;"Antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with food animals: a United States perspective of livestock production"Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 2007; 4 (2) : 115–33.
7. Larsson, DG.; Fick, J;"Transparency throughout the production chain -- a way to reduce pollution from the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals" Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009; 53 (3) :161–3.
8. Muto, CA.; Jernigan, JA.; Ostrowsky, BE.; Richet, HM.; Jarvis, WR.; Boyce, JM.; Farr, BM. ;"SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus" (May 2003); Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 24 (5): 362– 86.
9. Kuijper, EJ; van Dissel, J.; Wilcox, MH ; "Clostridium difficile: changing epidemiology and new treatment options";(Aug 2007); Curr Opin Infect Dis 20 (4): 376–83.
10. a b Pechère, JC "Patients' interviews and misuse of antibiotics "(September 2001).Clin. Infect. Dis. 33 Suppl 3: S170–3.
11. Arnold, SR; Straus, SE ; Arnold, Sandra R. Ed. "Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care" (2005); Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD003539.
12. Mcnulty, CA; Boyle, P; Nichols, T; Clappison, P; Davey, P.; "The public's attitudes to and compliance with antibiotics"; (August 2007) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60 Suppl 1: i63–8.
13. Pechère, JC; Hughes, D; Kardas, P; Cornaglia, G.; "Non-compliance with antibiotic therapy for acute community infections: a global survey";(March 2007) ; Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 29 (3): 245–53.
14. Kardas, P.; "Comparison of patient compliance with once-daily and twice-daily antibiotic regimens in respiratory tract infections: results of a randomized trial"; (March 2007) J. Antimicrob. Chemother.59.
15. Li, JZ; Winston, LG; Moore, DH; Bent, S.; "Efficacy of short-course antibiotic regimens for community-acquired pneumonia: a metaanalysis"; (September 2007); Am. J. Med. 120 (9): 783–90.
16. Girou, E; Legrand, P; Soing-Altrach, S.;"Association between hand hygiene compliance and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prevalence in a French rehabilitation hospital"; (October 2006); Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 27 (10): 1128–30.
17. Swoboda, SM; Earsing, K; Strauss, K; Lane, S; Lipsett, PA.; "Electronic monitoring and voice prompts improve hand hygiene and decrease nosocomial infections in an intermediate care unit"; (February 2004); Crit. Care Med. 32 (2): 358–63.
18. Castanon, J.I. ; "History of the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in European poultry feeds"; (2007); Poult. Sci. 86 (11): 2466–71.
19. Bengtsson, B.; Wierup, M.;"Antimicrobial resistance in Scandinavia after ban of antimicrobial growth promoters"; (2006); Anim. Biotechnol. 17 (2): 147–56.
20. Baker, R ; "Health management with reduced antibiotic use - the U.S. experience" (2006); Anim. Biotechnol. 17 (2): 195–205.
21. US Senate Bill S. 549: Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act of 2007
22. US House Bill H.R. 962: Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act of 2007
23. Loo V, Poirier L, Miller M .; "A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality";; N Engl J Med. 2005; 353 (23) : 2442–9.
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How to Cite
Jadon, H., and A. Chauhan. “Review on Superbug”. Current Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 1, no. 2, Dec. 2011, pp. 59-67, https://crpsonline.com/index.php/crps/article/view/38.
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