An Insight Data on Medication Safety in Accordance with Drug Complications Based on the Automated Dispensing System
Abstract
Automated dispensing systems have been applied for maintaining medication safety, improving drug distribution, and reducing the risk of medication errors in different pharmacy practice. Automated dispensing machines maintain the balance of accessibility, stock control of medications, and protection which were the main features of a safe medication distribution system. It should be linked with medication review and regular patient counselling. Encourage the timely administration of drugs through expanding their access to patient care units and first-dose availability was improved in automated dispensing machines. Physicians allow treatment efficiently by providing convenient access to medications of critically ill patients for emergencies during and after pharmacy hours with automated dispensing machines. This investigation demonstrates that the nature of pharmacotherapy for patients with automated dose dispensing can be improved. This study highlights the impact of an automated dispensing system in primary healthcare, Automated Dispensing Cabinets, or, in an intensive care unit to reduce medication errors. Implementation of automated dispensing systems reduces dispensing errors and gives pharmacists more time to review patient profiles. It recommends that every patient with automatic dose dispensing ought to go through a careful medication review through prescribers and pharmacists. It concluded that the automatic drug dispensing focuses on the effect of a medication review in patients. The ideal recurrence for conducting medication reviews and follow-up will likely contrast between individual patients. Hence, it provides an insight data on medication safety based on the automated dispensing system in accordance with drug complications.
Keywords:
Automated dose dispensing, Medication safety, Drug complication, Impact, Evaluation, Insightreport on medication safety
References
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2. Follow ISMP guidelines to safeguard the design and use of automated dispensing cabinets (ADCs). Med Saf Alert. 2009;7(4):1-2.
3. Ray MD, Aldrich LT, Lew PJ. Experience with an automated point-of-use unit-dose drug distribution system. Hosp Pharm. 1995;30(1):20-30.
4. Oren E, Shaffer ER, Guglielmo BJ. Impact of emerging technologies on medication errors and adverse drug events. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2003; 60 (14):1447-1458.
5. Fung E. Implementing a drug distribution system in a 22-suite operating room [poster presentation]. ASHP Leadership Summer Meeting.; 2006 Jun [cited 2009 Sep 8]. Available from: http://www.pppmag.com/
6. Pedersen CA, Schneider PJ, Scheckelhoff DJ. ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: dispensing and administration 2005. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006;63(4):327-345.
7. ISMP’s list of confused drug names. Institute for Safe Medication Practices.; 2009 [cited 2009 Sep 8]. Available from: http://www.ismp.org/tools/
8. Bates WD. Using information technology to reduce rates of medication errors in hospital. BMJ 2000; 320(7237):788-791.
9. Hansen R. Product spotlight: automated dispensing cabinets from med dispense. Pharm Purch Prod 2007 Dec [cited 2009 Sep 9]. Available from: http://www.pppmag.com/documents/
10. Kongkaew C, Noyce PR, Ashcroft DM. Hospital admissions associated with adverse drug reactions: asystematic review of prospective observational studies. Ann Pharmacother. 2008; 42:1017-25.
11. Leendertse AJ, Egberts AC, Stoker LJ, et al., Frequency of and risk factors for preventable medication-related hospital admissions in the Netherlands. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168:1890-6.
12. Beijer HM, Blaey CJD. Hospitalizations caused by adverse drug reactions (ADR): a meta-analysis of observational studies. Pharm World Sci. 2002; 25:46-54.
13. Howard RL, Avery AJ, Slave burg S, et al., Which drugs cause preventable admissions to hospital? A systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007; 63:136-47.
14. De Smet PA. Hospital admissions related to medications and implementing guidelines. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169:810-1.
15. Johnell K, Fastbom J. Multi-dose drug dispensing and inappropriate drug use: a nationwide register-based study of over 700,000 elderly. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2008; 26:86-91.
16. Gould ON, Todd L, Irvine-Meek J. Adherence devices in a community sample: how are pillboxes used? Can Pharm J. 2009; 142:28-35.
17. Larsen AB, Haugbolle LS. The impact of an automated dose-dispensing scheme on user compliance, medication understanding, and medication stockpiles. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2007; 3:265-84.
18. Van den Bemt PM, Idzinga JC, Robertz H, et al., Medication administration errors in nursing homes using an automated medication dispensing system. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2009; 16:486-92.
19. Canadian Agency for Drug sand Technologies in Health (CADTH). Technologies to reduce errors in dispensing and administration of medication in hospitals: clinical and economic analyses. Technol Overv. 2010; 1:1-16.
20. Pedersen CA, Schneider PJ, Scheckelh off DJ. ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: dispensing and administration 2011. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2012; 69:768–85.
21. Noparatayaporn P, Sakulbumrungsil R, Thaweethamcharoen T, Sangseenil W. Comparison on human resource requirement between manual and automated dispensing systems. Value in health regional issues. 2017; 1: 107-11.
22. Plodkratoke WKT, Sakulbumrungsil R, Reungjarearnrung K. Cost saving and cost avoidance of the pharmacy automation system. Thai J Hosp Pharm. 2010; 20:43–54.
23. ASHP guidelines on the safe use of automated dispensing devices. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010; 67:483–90.
24. Wise LC, Bostrom J, Crosier JA, White S, Caldwell R. Cost benefit analysis of an automated medication system. Nurs Econ. 1996; 14:224–31.
25. Guerrero RM, Nickman NA, Jorgenson JA. Work activities before and after implementation of an automated dispensing system. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1996; 53:548–54.
26. Schwarz HO, Brodowy BA. Implementation and evaluation of an automated dispensing system. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1995; 52:823–8.
27. Klein EG, Santora JA, Pascale PM, et al., Medication cart-filling time, accuracy, and cost with an automated dispensing system. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994; 51:1193–6.
28. Alvarez RubioL, Martin Conde JA, AlberdiLeniz A, et al., Assessing an automated dispensation system in the emergency department of a level III-hospital. Farm Hosp. 2003; 27:72–7.
29. Burton SJ, Horsham PA. Automated dispensing cabinets can help or hinder patient safety based on the implementation of safeguard strategies. J Emer Nursing. 2019; 45 (4):444-449.
30. Carmenates J, Keith M. Impact of automation on pharmacist interventions and medication errors in a correctional health care system. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2001; 58:779-783.
31. Chapuis CR, oustit M, Bal G, et al., Automated drug dispensing system reduces medication errors in an intensive care setting. Crit Care Med. 2010; 38(12):2275-2281.
32. Billstein-Leber M, Carillo CJD, Cassano AT, et al., ASHP guidelines on preventing medication errors in hospitals. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(19):1493-1517.
33. Harolds JA, Harolds LB. Quality and safety in health care, part x. Other technology to reduce medication errors. Clin Nucl Med. 2016; 41(5):376-378.
34. Institute for Safe Medication Practices. Understanding human over-reliance on technology. ISMP Medication Saf Alert. 2016;21(18):1-4.
35. Lee L, Wellman G, Birdwell S, et al., Use of an automated medication storage and distribution system. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1992; 49(4):851-5.
36. Wise L, Bostrom J, Crosier J, et al., Cost–benefit analysis of an automated medication system. Nurs Econ. 1996; 14(4):224-31.
37. Nicole W Tsao, Clifford Lo, Michele Babich, et al., Decentralized Automated Dispensing Devices: Systematic Review of Clinical and Economic Impacts in Hospitals, JCPH. 2014; 67(138):1-30.
38. Schwarz H, Brodowy B. Implementation and evaluation of an automated dispensing system. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1995;52(8):823-8.
39. Kwint HF, Faber A, Gussekloo J, et al., Effects of medication review on drug-related problems in patients using automated drug-dispensing systems: a pragmatic randomized controlled study. Drugs Aging.2011;28:305–314.
40. Krska J, Avery AJ, Community Pharmacy Medicines Management Project Evaluation Team. Evaluation of medication reviews conducted by community pharmacists: a quantitative analysis of documented issues and recommendations. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008; 65:386-96.
41. Cipolle RJ. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub: Division, New York, 2004.
42. Tenni P, Stafford A, Peterson G, et al., A comparison of drug-related problems identified in RMMRs and HMRs. Aust Pharm. 2007; 26:414-20.
43. Rasmussen M, Stafford AC, Tenni PC, et al., Drug-related problems identified in medication reviews by Australian pharmacists. Pharm World Sci. 2009; 31:216-23.
44. Krska J, Cromarty JA, Arris F, et al., Pharmacist-led medication review in patients over 65: a randomized, controlled trial in primary care. Age Ageing. 2001; 30:205-11.
45. Denneboom W, Dautzenberg MG, Grol R, et al., Treatment reviews of older people on poly-pharmacy in primary care: cluster-controlled trial comparing two approaches. Br J Gen Pract. 2007; 57:723-31.
46. Vinks TH, Egberts TC, De Lange TM, et al., Pharmacist based medication review reduces potential drug-related problems in the elderly: the SMOG controlled trial. Drugs Aging. 2009; 26 (2):123-33.
47. Sorensen L, Stokes JA, Purdie DM, et al., Medication reviews in the community: results of a randomized, controlled effectiveness trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004; 58:648-64.
48. Morlin C, Gillespie U, Alassaad A, et al., A comprehensive pharmacist intervention to reduce morbidity in patients 80years or older: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169:894-900.
49. Sellors J, Kaczorowski J, Sellors C, et al., A randomized controlled trial of a pharmacist consultation program for family physicians and their elderly patients. CMAJ. 2003; 169:17-22.
50. Zermansky AG, Alldred DP, Petty DR, et al., Clinical medication review by a pharmacist of elderly people living in care homes: randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2006; 35:586-91.
51. Almeida Neto AC, Chen TF. Exploring elements of inter professional collaboration between pharmacists and physicians in medication review. Pharm World Sci. 2007; 29:574-6.
52. Knottnerus JA, Muijrers PEM, GrolR PTM, et al., Pharmaceutical care and its relationship to prescribing behavior of general practitioners. Pharm World Sci. 2006; 28:302-8.
53. Muijrers PE, Grol RP, Sijbrandij J, et al., Differences in prescribing between GPs: impact of the cooperation with pharmacists and impact of visits from pharmaceutical industry representatives. Fam Pract 2005; 22:624-30.
54. Niquille A, Lattman C, Bugnon O. Medication reviews led by community pharmacists in Switzerland: a qualitative survey to evaluate barriers and facilitators. Pharm Pract. 2010; 8:35-42.
55. Sinnemaki J, Sihvo S, Isojarvi J, Blom M, Airaksinen M, et al., Automated dose dispensing service for primary healthcare patients: a systematic review. Syst Rev.2013;2(1):2046–4053.
56. Fialov D, Topinkov E, Gambassi G, et al., Potentially inappropriate medication use among elderly home care patients in Europe. JAMA. 2005; 293:1348–1358.
57. Leikola S, Dimitrow M, Lyles A, et al., Potentially inappropriate medication use among Finnish non- institutionalized people aged _65 years. A register based cross-sectional, national study. Drugs Aging. 2011; 28:227–236.
58. Leikola S, Tuomainen L, Peura S, et al., Comprehensive Medication Review – evidence-base of a collaborative procedure involving pharmacists. Int J Clin Pharm. 2012; 34:510–514.
59. Sinnemaki J, Sihvo S, Isojarvi J, et al., Automated dose dispensing service for primary healthcare patients: a systematic review. Syst Rev. 2013; 2:1-11.
60. Sinnemaki J, Saatamoinen LK, Hannula S, et al., Starting an automated dose dispensing service provided by community pharmacies in Finland. Int J Clin Pharm. 2014; 36:345–351.
61. Kwint H, Stolk G, Faber A, et al., Medication adherence and knowledge of older patients with and without multi dose drug dispensing. Age Ageing. 2013; 42:620–626.
62. Johnell K, Fastbom J. Multi-dose drug dispensing and inappropriate drug use: a nationwide register-based study of over 700,000 elderly. Scand J Prim HealthCare. 2008; 26:86–91.
63. Sjoberg C, Edward C, Fastbom J, et al., Association between multi-dose drug dispensing and quality of drug treatment – a register-based study. PLoS One.2011;6:265-74.
64. Wekre LJ, Spigset O, Sletvold O, et al., Multi dose drug dispensing and discrepancies between medication records. Qual Saf Health Care. 2010; 19:1–4.
65. De Graaf MA, Jager KJ, Zoccali C, et al., Matching, an appealing method to avoid confounding? Nephron Clin Pract. 2011; 118:315–318.
66. Furu K, Wettermark B, Andersen M, et al., The Nordic countries as a cohort for pharmaco epidemiological research. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2010; 106:86–94.
67. Mehuys E, Dupond L, Petrovic M, et al., Medication management among home-dwelling older patients with chronic diseases: possible roles for community pharmacists. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012; 16:721–726.
68. Cheung K, Patricia ML A. Bemt V, et al., Medication Incidents Related to Automated Dose Dispensing in Community Pharmacies and Hospitals - A Reporting System Study. Med Incid Auto Dose Dis. 2014; 9:1-9.
69. Johnell K, Fastbom J. Multi-dose drug dispensing and inappropriate drug use: A nationwide register-based study of over 700,000 elderly. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2008; 26:86–91.
70. Bell JS, Vaananen M, Ovaskainen H, Narhi U, et al., Providing patient care in community pharmacies: practice and research in Finland. Ann Pharmacother. 2007; 41:1039–1046.
71. Jones DG, Crane VS, Trussell RG Automated medication dispensing: the ATC 212 system. Hosp Pharm. 1989; 24:606–604.
72. Kratz K, Thygesen C. A comparison of the accuracy of unit dose cart fill with the Baxter ATC-212computerized system and manual filling. Hosp Pharm. 1992; 27: 19–20,22.
73. Oswald S, Caldwell R. Dispensing error rate after implementation of an automated pharmacy carousel system. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007; 64: 1427–1431.
74. Palttala I, Heinamaki J, Honkanen O, et al., Towards more reliable automated multi-dose dispensing: retrospective follow-up study on medication dose errors and product defects. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2013; 39:489–498.
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Nandini Chaudhary, Bindu Singh Yadav, Rajneesh Kumar, Arti Sinoria, and Amresh Gupta. “An Insight Data on Medication Safety in Accordance With Drug Complications Based on the Automated Dispensing System”. Current Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 12, no. 4, Jan. 2023, pp. 156-6, doi:10.24092/CRPS.2022.120401.
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Review Articles
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